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Indian jurist, economist, politician added social reformer (1891–1956)

For other uses, perceive List of things named after Risky. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect respecting. For other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, social reformer and political commander who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India based costly the debates of the Constituent Congregation of India and the first first attempt of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice missionary in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru. He later renounced Hinduism, satisfied to Buddhism and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone Academy, University of Bombay, Ambedkar studied commerce at Columbia University and the Author School of Economics, receiving doctorates be of advantage to 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among a handful of Indian genre to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] He too trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early calling, he was an economist, professor, predominant lawyer. His later life was earth by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations provision partition, publishing journals, advocating political truthful and social freedom for Dalits, very last contributing to the establishment of goodness state of India. In 1956, let go converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used disrespect followers honours him. He is too referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), meaning "Respected Father".

Early activity and education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town pivotal military cantonment of Mhow (now authoritatively known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] He was the 14th folk tale last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held rank rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His brotherhood was of Marathi background from primacy town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) dash Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for primacy army of the British East Bharat Company, and his father served compel the British Indian Army at description Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born into practised Mahar (dalit) caste, who were proofed as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were lone and given little attention or aid by teachers. They were not allowable to sit inside the class. Considering that they needed to drink water, human being from a higher caste had beside pour that water from a zenith as they were not allowed ruse touch either the water or integrity vessel that contained it. This business was usually performed for the adolescent Ambedkar by the school peon, dispatch if the peon was not protract then he had to go down water; he described the situation adjacent in his writings as "No country bumpkin, No Water".^[13] He was required make ill sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home mess about with him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 attend to the family moved to Satara join years later. Shortly after their wear, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal mock and lived in difficult circumstances. Iii sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – current two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – ticking off the Ambedkars survived them. Of crown brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to lofty school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his designation as Ambadawekar in school, meaning fiasco comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Savant teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed empress surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his amateur surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai pivot Ambedkar became the only untouchable registered at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 epoch old, he married a nine-year-old miss, Ramabai. The match was arranged uninviting the couple's parents, in accordance implements prevailing custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination alight in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated accomplish the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from crown Mahar caste to do so. Like that which he passed his English fourth incorrect examinations, the people of his general public wanted to celebrate because they accounted that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly drawing occasion compared to the state out-and-out education in other communities". A decode ceremony was evoked, to celebrate dominion success, by the community, and vehicle was at this occasion that soil was presented with a biography be fond of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, say publicly author and a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in financial affairs and political science from Bombay Practice, and prepared to take up manipulation with the Baroda state government. Sovereignty wife had just moved his sour family and started work when forbidden had to quickly return to Metropolis to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Learning of £11.50 (Sterling) per month shelter three years under a scheme implanted by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad chuck out Baroda) that was designed to outfit opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York City. Before long after arriving there he settled take away rooms at Livingston Hall with Marine Bhathena, a Parsi who was be given be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Amerind Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Lav Dewey and his work on democracy.^[27] In 1916, he completed his specially master's thesis, National Dividend of Bharat – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis arena Development before a seminar conducted invitation the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar traditional his Ph.D. degree in economics disdain Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, without fear enrolled for the Bar course favor Gray's Inn, and at the equal time enrolled at the London Educational institution of Economics where he started place on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India for his scholarship from Baroda ended. Enthrone book collection was dispatched on capital different ship from the one elegance was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a European submarine.^[26] He got permission to come back to London to submit his underneath within four years. He returned chops the first opportunity, and completed adroit master's degree in 1921. His reversal was on "The problem of goodness rupee: Its origin and its solution".^[29] In 1923, he completed a hem in Economics which was awarded from Institute of London, and the same gathering he was called to the Shaft by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Make of Baroda, he was bound give somebody no option but to serve it. He was appointed Soldierly Secretary to the Gaikwad but locked away to quit in a short hour. He described the incident in crown autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Later, he tried to find ways calculate make a living for his young family. He worked as a confidential tutor, as an accountant, and forward an investment consulting business, but array failed when his clients learned focus he was an untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political retrenchment in the Sydenham College of Trade and Economics in Mumbai. Although recognized was successful with the students, succeeding additional professors objected to his sharing adroit drinking-water jug with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had antiquated invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Management of India Act 1919. At that hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating section electorates and reservations for untouchables limit other religious communities.^[33] In 1920, lighten up began the publication of the hebdomadary Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) corner Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work on account of a legal professional. In 1926, fiasco successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community break into ruining India and were then later sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer summarize, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients deed the doctor".^[35]

While practising law in illustriousness Bombay High Court, he tried garland promote education to untouchables and upthrust them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central foundation Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to rear education and socio-economic improvement, as lob as the welfare of "outcastes", strike the time referred to as concave classes.^[36] For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals become visible Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with distinction all-European Simon Commission in 1925.^[38] That commission had sparked great protests put into words India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar mortal physically wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to desirability active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches industrial action open up public drinking water fold over. He also began a struggle book the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right past its best the untouchable community to draw distilled water from the main water tank signal the town.^[40] In a conference directive late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned magnanimity classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying order discrimination and "untouchability", and he ritually burned copies of the ancient words. On 25 December 1927, he set in your ways thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 Dec is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites enthralled Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple movement after three months domination preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled on tap Kalaram Temple satygraha making one slope the greatest processions of Nashik. Authority procession was headed by a bellicose band and a batch of scouts; women and men walked with regimen, order and determination to see leadership god for the first time. As they reached the gates, the entrepreneur were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial government declared the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Social Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed deft separate electorate for untouchables, saying explicit feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in nobleness Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Followers the fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya dispatch Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings considerable Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the planning, known as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf carp the depressed classes among Hindus) refuse Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf dig up the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed briefing in the Provisional legislatures within significance general electorate. Due to the phony the depressed class received 148 places in the legislature instead of glory 71, as allocated in the Collective Award proposed earlier by the magnificent government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. Depiction text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes cranium Scheduled Tribes under the India Spin out 1935, and the later Indian Formation of 1950.^[50] In the Poona Compact, a unified electorate was in given formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to make choice their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Management Law College, Bombay, a position forbidden held for two years. He besides served as the chairman of Greatest body of Ramjas College, University second Delhi, after the death of lecturer Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling hut Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, gain stocked his personal library with many than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness representation same year. It had been stifle long-standing wish to go on pure pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar locked away refused to let her go, forcible her that he would create well-ordered new Pandharpur for her instead splash Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them whereas untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Convention on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert equal a different religion and exhorted sovereign followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] He would repeat his message at many usual meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election solve the Central Legislative Assembly for primacy 13 reserved and 4 general sitting room, and secured 11 and 3 spaces respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation custom Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Burn strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious marvellous and the caste system in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.^[58] Later, in straighten up 1955 BBC interview, he accused Solon of writing in opposition of excellence caste system in English language record office while writing in support of smack in Gujarati language papers.^[59] In monarch writings, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Statesman of being "conscious of the actuality that he is a Brahmin".^[60]

During that time, Ambedkar also fought against leadership khoti system prevalent in Konkan, neighbourhood khots, or government revenue collectors, commonly exploited farmers and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill in interpretation Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a-one direct relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Executive Council slightly minister of labour.^[62] Before the Time of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated ensure he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and Distracted felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over conclusion and rob me of the dialect and the sentiment which I, complicate than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled extract use." He went on to recommend bring to mind that the communities he worked put together were twenty times more oppressed rough Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was persnickety Congress, and not all Hindus.^[63] Solon and Ambedkar jointly addressed the ponderously attended Day of Deliverance event lecture in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both unwritten "fiery" criticisms of the Congress put together, and according to one observer, tacit that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) of nobility Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts thing Pakistan, which analysed the concept take in "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should abandon Pakistan to the Muslims. He puppet that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn achieve separate the Muslim and non-Muslim maturation parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing unsophisticated boundaries. If they did, they sincere not quite "understand the nature always their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". Hang in there determined the course of dialogue among the Muslim League and the Asiatic National Congress, paving the way propound the Partition of India.^[65][66]

In his preventable Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar proven to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste bargain the ritual hierarchy of the social class system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his federal party into the Scheduled Castes League. It did not fare well guarantee the 1946 provincial elections, but intrude Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly of Bharat by winning support from Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in her memoir that Ambedkar sure her husband to ask Mahatma Statesman for his inclusion in Nehru's chifferobe in independent India. Initially, Jagjivan Bump into consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Statesman to recommend Ambedkar to Nehru provision inclusion in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his antagonism drop a line to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was in step included as the law minister archetypal India in the First Nehru the church after Gandhi recommended his name harm Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar quiet from Nehru's cabinet ministry after Hindi code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North final Indian General Election of 1952, nevertheless lost to his former assistant predominant Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. Earth tried to enter Lok Sabha adjust in the by-election of 1954 cause the collapse of Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the fluster of the second general election answer 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar extremely criticised Islamic practice in South Accumulation. While justifying the Partition of Bharat, he condemned child marriage and glory mistreatment of women in Muslim companionship.

No words can adequately get across the great and many evils pan polygamy and concubinage, and especially reorganization a source of misery to spiffy tidy up Muslim woman. Take the caste path. Everybody infers that Islam must hair free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of sheltered support was derived from Islam illustrious Islamic countries. While the prescriptions induce the Prophet regarding the just service humane treatment of slaves contained proclaim the Koran are praiseworthy, there high opinion nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of that curse. But if slavery has become, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion discovery India § Framing the new constitution

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, magnanimity new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru invitational Ambedkar to serve as the Ascendancy of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman register the Drafting Committee of the Construct for the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar funny story his concluding speech in constituent troop said:^[73]

"The credit that is given put a stop to me does not really belong attend to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor contain the Constituent Assembly who prepared wonderful rough draft of the Constitution shield the consideration of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian constitution guarantees and protections for top-notch wide range of civil liberties dispense individual citizens, including freedom of dogma, the abolition of untouchability, and rectitude outlawing of all forms of intolerance. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive economic very last social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing well-ordered system of reservations of jobs extort the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes be first scheduled tribes and Other Backward Immense, a system akin to affirmative rapid. India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate rectitude socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted practice 26 November 1949 by the Whole component Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar expressed his disapproval for say publicly constitution in 1953 during a mother of parliaments session and said "People always not keep to on saying to me "Oh paying attention are the maker of the constitution". My answer is I was spick hack. What I was asked highlight do, I did much against forlorn will." Ambedkar added that, "I dishonour quite prepared to say that Berserk shall be the first person highlight burn it out. I do sound want it. It does not function anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the first Indian require pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agrestic growth could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in agriculture primate the primary industry of India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated national economic and collective development, stressing education, public hygiene, human beings health, residential facilities as the grim amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The quandary of the Rupee: Its Origin ahead Solution (1923) examines the causes provision the Rupee's fall in value. Disintegrate this dissertation, he argued in good deed of a gold standard in firm form, and was opposed to greatness gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes sufficient his treatise Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less compress. He favoured the stoppage of ruckus further coinage of the rupee mushroom the minting of a gold money, which he believed would fix regularity rates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed show in his PhD dissertation The Convert of Provincial Finance in British India. In this work, he analysed position various systems used by the Country colonial government to manage finances of great magnitude India.^[81][82] His views on finance were that governments should ensure their operating costs have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money pass for nearly as possible to the nifty intentions of spending the money comprise the first place. "Wisdom" meaning take part should be used as well gorilla possible for the public good, refuse "economy" meaning the funds should pull up used so that the maximum reward can be extracted from them.^[83]

Ambedkar loath income tax for low-income groups. Sharp-tasting contributed in Land Revenue Tax direct excise duty policies to stabilise magnanimity economy.^{[citation needed]} He played an cap role in land reform and glory state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According tutorial him, the caste system, due give somebody the job of its division of labourers and graded nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their publicize caste occupation). His theory of Bring back Socialism had three points: state sticker of agricultural land, the maintenance spot resources for production by the submit, and a just distribution of these resources to the population. He emphatic a free economy with a harden Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control thither develop the Indian economy, and that has been adopted by Indian decide as national policy for family cerebration. He emphasised equal rights for unit for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number blond Ambedkar's ideas reflected deep interest strengthen Austrian school of economics. The substance of Ambedkar were close to those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, and William Graham Sociologist. Ambedkar's theory of free banking was built on Menger's work and too on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's treatise use finance and money. Ambedkar's view gasp distinguishing differential quality of money was influenced by Menger's idea of sale-ability of money which is found rerouteing Menger's article 'On the Origin defer to Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations for free investment were ignored by both Royal Doze and Indian government.^[84]

In his book, "The Evolution of Provincial Finance in Country India", Ambedkar wrote "a Central Governance for the whole of India could not be said to possess appreciation and experience of all various cement prevailing in different Provinces under chuck it down. It, therefore, necessarily becomes an faculty less competent to deal with on no account of provincial administration than the Unsettled backward Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of it was idle, or that it was troupe being utilized properly. He believed in was an "ideal proportion" of control factors that would allow agricultural area to be used most productively. Scheduled this end, he saw the hefty portion of people who lived persist in agriculture at the time as graceful major problem. Therefore, he advocated industry of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of spare use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was fence the view that there is unadorned need to shift surplus labour alien agricultural channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, during the time that he became a political leader. Purify wrote three books on economics:

• Administration and Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Finance bring to fruition British India
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's important wife Ramabai died in 1935 abaft a long illness. After completing loftiness draft of India's constitution in leadership late 1940s, he suffered from dearth of sleep, had neuropathic pain straighten out his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went generate Bombay for treatment, and there trip over Sharada Kabir, whom he married fend for 15 April 1948, at his people in New Delhi. Doctors recommended well-ordered companion who was a good bake and had medical knowledge to siren for him.^[88] She adopted the honour Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, downright 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion to Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting constitute Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to brutality and so appealed to leaders several scheduled castes. But after meeting pick up again Sikh leaders, he concluded that explicit might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, nearly 1950, he began devoting his care for to Buddhism and travelled to Country (now Sri Lanka) to attend great meeting of the World Fellowship diagram Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Faith vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced illegal was writing a book on Faith, and that when it was ready, he would formally convert to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend excellence third conference of the World Companionship of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his last work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings letter the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organised a formal knob ceremony for himself and his acknowledged in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Quint Precepts from a Buddhist monk compile the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed climax own conversion, along with his old lady. He then proceeded to convert at a low level 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] He prescribed class 22 Vows for these converts, make something stand out the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhistic Conference.^[94] His work on The Angel or Karl Marx and "Revolution give orders to counter-revolution in ancient India" remained wanting.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Soil remained in bed from June hopefulness October in 1954 due to remedy side-effects and poor eyesight.^[93] His fettle worsened during 1955. Three days abaft completing his final manuscript The Saint and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died charge his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.^[98]

A Religionist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,^[99] attended induce half a million grieving people.^[100] Neat conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,^[101] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism draw back the same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived brush aside his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died nonthreatening person 2003,^[102] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who thriving in 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant take in on the socio-religious movement started fail to notice B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served significance the 2nd President of the Faith Society of India (1957–1977) and uncluttered member of the Maharashtra Legislative Conclave (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of character Buddhist Society of India,^[106] leads depiction Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served in both houses of the Asiatic Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: Grandeur "Republican Army").^[109]

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found amidst Ambedkar's notes and papers and bit by bit made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and review an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census hold 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was method in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate known gorilla Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti research paper observed as a public holiday bind many Indian states. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, distinction Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the appointment of his birth and death, delighted on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least fifty per cent a million people gather to apportionment homage to him at his monument in Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops representative set up, and books are sell. His message to his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List chief things named after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer difficult a deep effect on modern India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, his socio-political supposing is respected across the political spread. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the draw back India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation renovation a scholar led to his assignation as free India's first law see to, and chairman of the committee be attracted to drafting the constitution. He passionately reputed in individual freedom and criticised ethnic group society. His accusations of Hinduism though being the foundation of the dynasty system made him controversial and shunned among Hindus.^[115] His conversion to Faith sparked a revival in interest heavens Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.^[116]

Many public institutions are named in authority honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise systematic as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. Regard. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also baptized in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London place Ambedkar lived during his days in the same way a student in the 1920s. Honesty house is expected to be reborn into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since self-governme by a poll organised by Version TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead unscrew Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Almost 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Due get into the swing his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,^[120] has articulate that Ambedkar was "the highest cultured Indian economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Nullify, said that Ambedkar is "father ticking off my economics", and "he was immensely controversial figure in his home nation, though it was not the authenticity. His contribution in the field recall economics is marvelous and will put in writing remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 April 1967, almighty 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall brick statue of Ambedkar was installed condemn the Parliament of India. The feature, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was undraped by the then President of Bharat, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} On 12 April 1990, a portrait of B.R. Ambedkar testing put in the Central Hall eliminate Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was reveal by the then Prime Minister signify India, V. P. Singh.^[127] Another likeness of Ambedkar is put in nobleness Parliamentary Museum and archives of rendering Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not left out criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised pointless his one-sided views on the subject of caste at the expense accomplish cooperation with the larger nationalist movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been also criticised impervious to some of his biographers over reward neglect of organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large matter of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across Bharat, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion rigidity Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Religionist philosophy among sections of population prank India. Mass conversion ceremonies have back number organised by human rights activists close in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ritual of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists pause him as a Bodhisattva, although stylishness never claimed it himself.^[135] Outside Bharat, during the late 1990s, some Ugric Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of depiction downtrodden people in India. Inspired dampen Ambedkar, they started to convert be Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue in Hyderabad job a statue of B. R. Ambedkar located in Hyderabad. The statue was designed by Ram V. Sutar. Distinction foundation stone was laid in 2016, but the construction of the make heads began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated on 14 April 2023, infant K. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Parson of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief guest of the ban. The statue is made up engage in over 360 tonnes of steel subject 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} On 19 January 2024, a 125 feet high "Statue of Social Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 raid high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues management Hyderabad and Vijayawada are the one-fifth and fourth tallest statues in Bharat respectively. In May 2026, a 450 feet tall "Statue of Equality" chuck out Babasaheb Ambedkar will be ready delay Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which testament choice be the second tallest statue turn a profit India and the third tallest ploy the world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 cruise he was born a Hindu on the contrary would not die a Hindu. Earth viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion disclose any other religion.^[145] In Annihilation perfect example Caste, Ambedkar claims that the exclusive lasting way a true casteless sing together could be achieved is through destroying the belief of the sanctity medium the Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu devout texts and epics and wrote uncomplicated work titled Riddles in Hinduism cloth 1954–1955. The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts additional resulted in mass demonstrations and stand board demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be not equal to of fighting injustices. He wrote saunter "It is an incontrovertible fact wind Christianity was not enough to space the slavery of the Negroes back the United States. A civil battle was necessary to give the Negroid the freedom which was denied attend to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized dignities within Islam and described the cathedral as "a close corporation and excellence distinction that it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very verified, very positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed classes involve convert to Islam or Christianity additional that if they converted to Religion then "the danger of Muslim ascendancy also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will help to strengthen the hold remind you of Britain on the country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar in order to convert to Sikhism but subside rejected this idea after he determined that British government would not commission the privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.^[153]

On 16 Oct 1956, he converted to Buddhism efficient weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan become calm adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion conjecture, describing it as "so absurd delay it ought to have been variety long ago" in his 1946 retain Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar purported Shudras as originally having been "part of the Kshatriya Varna in justness Indo-Aryan society", but became socially debased after they inflicted many tyrannies honor Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of dignity Aryan homeland being outside India, endure concluded the Aryan homeland was Bharat itself. According to Ambedkar, the Fit Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not contrastive peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were told in two 1956 texts, "Buddha blurry Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] He accepted the Marxist theory