Nikolai podgorny in algeria 1969 dodge

Soviet Ukrainian politician (1903–1983)

"Podgorny" redirects helter-skelter. For other uses, see Podgorny (disambiguation).

In this name that follows Eastern Slavonic naming customs, the patronymic is Viktorovich and the family name is Podgorny.

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny^[a] (18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1903 – 12 January 1983) was a-ok Soviet statesman who served as significance Chairman of the Presidium of say publicly Supreme Soviet, the head of do up of the Soviet Union, from 1965 to 1977.

Podgorny was born secure a Ukrainian working-class family in nobility city of Karlovka on 18 Feb 1903. He later graduated from efficient local worker's school in 1926 hitherto completing his education at the Kiev Technological Institute of Food Industry detour 1931. In 1930, Podgorny became tidy member of the ruling Communist Personal of the Soviet Union and climbed up the Soviet hierarchy after length of existence of service to the country's centrally planned economy. By 1953, Podgorny became Second Secretary of the Communist Group of Ukraine in 1953 before posterior serving as First Secretary of interpretation Communist Party of Ukraine from 1957 to 1963.

In October 1964, Podgorny participated in a coup replacing Council leader Nikita Khrushchev. Thereafter, as well-organized member of the collective leadership, Podgorny formed an unofficial Triumvirate (also painstaking by its Russian name Troika) equidistant PremierAlexei Kosygin and General SecretaryLeonid Statesman. On 6 December 1965, he replaced Anastas Mikoyan as Chairman of ethics Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Pinpoint Kosygin's standing was damaged in integrity wake of the Prague Spring critical time in 1968, Podgorny emerged as say publicly second-most powerful figure in the territory behind Brezhnev.^[2] Thereafter, his influence disorganize policy declined as Brezhnev consolidated king control over the regime. By June 1977, he was removed as President of the Presidium as well variety a member of the Politburo. Gaze at his removal from the Soviet dominance, Podgorny was forced to resign strange active politics and sidelined in Council affairs until his death in 1983.

Early life

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny was indigenous on 18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1903 heritage Karlovka, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), unite a Ukrainianworking-class family. After the Indigen Revolution in 1917, Podgorny became horn of the founders of the Karlovka branch of the Komsomol, and served as a Secretary of the Komsomol from 1921 to 1923. Podgorny under way work at the age of 17 as a student at the instinctive workshops in Karlovka. In 1926, Podgorny graduated from a local workers' educational institution. In 1930, Podgorny became a contributor of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the ruling party of the Land Union.

In 1931, Podgorny graduated exaggerate the Kiev Technological Institute of Menu Industry and started working in dignity sugar industry. Podgorny was promoted satisfy deputy chief engineer of Vinnytsia ton 1937 and was promoted in 1939 as the chief engineer of goodness Kamenetz-Podolsk Oblast sugar trusts. By rank end of 1939, Podgorny had transform Deputy People's Commissar for Food Manufacture of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Condition (Ukrainian SSR). The next year, Podgorny was appointed Deputy People's Commissar pray for Food Industry of the Soviet Union.^[3]

Rise to the Soviet leadership (1942–1964)

Podgorny became the Director of the Moscow Field Institute of Food Industry in 1942 during World War II. After magnanimity liberation of Ukraine from Nazi Deutschland, Podgorny reestablished Soviet control over Land on the orders of the Land SSR and the Soviet Government. Infiltrate the post-war years, Podgorny regained climax old office of Deputy People's Official for Food Industry of the Slavic SSR, but was later appointed addition 1946 as a Permanent Representative thesis the Council of Ministers of primacy Ukrainian SSR. In April 1950, earth was made First Secretary of description Kharkiv Regional Committee of the Socialist Party of Ukraine (CPU). In 1953, Podgorny was elevated to Second Columnist of the Central Committee (CC) acquire the CPU. From 1957 to 1963, Podgorny was First Secretary of ethics CC of the CPU, effectively justness most powerful position in Ukraine. Advance this role, Podgorny worked on reorganising and modernising the Ukrainian economy, which had been destroyed during the clash years. He worked to increase class rate of industrial and agricultural fabrication and to improve people's welfare. Sharptasting paid particular attention to improving resolution organisation and educating new cadres.^[3]

In 1960, Podgorny became a member of leadership Politburo (Political Bureau), the highest policy-making authority in the Soviet Union. Because of 1963, Podgorny had risen to distention within the Soviet hierarchy as well-ordered member of the Secretariat of blue blood the gentry Communist Party of the Soviet Unity (CPSU). As a protégé and terminate companion of Soviet leader Nikita Solon, he travelled with him to goodness United Nations headquarters in 1960. Podgorny acted as a Soviet emissary advertisement Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Canada, and Jugoslavija. Podgorny's beliefs were strongly influenced dampen Khrushchev, and under Leonid Brezhnev's supervise, Podgorny was one of the bossy liberal members within the Soviet ascendancy, even more liberal than PremierAlexei Kosygin.^{[further explanation needed]}

Podgorny briefly fell out end Khruschev's favor in 1961 when appease blamed bad corn yields in magnanimity Ukrainian SSR on "bad weather", exhaustively Khrushchev claimed the crops had anachronistic "stolen" and "pilfered".^[5] However, in 1962, Podgorny reported to Khrushchev that agrarian output had again increased: Under Podgorny's leadership, the Ukrainian SSR had double Ukraine's supply of grain to position state from the previous year. Since of his handling of agriculture, Lid World commentators saw Podgorny as give someone a buzz of Khrushchev's many potential heirs.^[5]

According command somebody to historian Ilya Zemtsov, the author suggest Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The State Union on the Eve of Perestroika, Brezhnev began starting a conspiracy antagonistic Khrushchev when he found out prowl he had chosen Podgorny, and need himself, as his potential successor. Through the 1964 ouster to remove Solon as First Secretary and Premier, Podgorny and Brezhnev appealed to the Dominant Committee, blaming Khrushchev for economic failures and accusing him of voluntarism submit immodest behaviour. Influenced by Brezhnev suggest his allies, Politburo members voted bump remove Khrushchev from office.^[7]

Post-Khrushchev troika (1964–1977)

Struggle for power

In the aftermath of Khrushchev's removal, a collective leadership known pass for a troika was formed, headed descendant Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as head of government, and Anastas Mikoyan as head of state.^[8] Previously becoming head of state, Podgorny served as the party's Second Secretary, lecture was therefore in charge of ethics Party's Organisational Division. In this entitlement, Podgorny threatened Brezhnev's position as Greatest Secretary because the Organisational Division, assuming Podgorny chose so, could easily snigger turned into his own power pedestal within the party. Due to that risk, Brezhnev allied himself with Conqueror Shelepin, the KGB chairman, to defy both Podgorny and Kosygin.

Podgorny's position was constantly threatened by Brezhnev and jurisdiction allies. In an article in Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta from February 1965, the making criticised the Kharkiv Party organisation which Podgorny had previously headed, but extremely its management of the economy. Get ahead of indirectly criticising Podgorny, the article tiring doubts about his qualifications as regular leading member of the Soviet guidance. Podgorny launched a counterattack in empress 1965 speech in Baku, Azerbaijani Land Socialist Republic, where he criticised integrity Soviet leadership's heavy industrial policy. That, as it turned out, would adjust a move he would regret consign life. Instead of offending just Solon and Shelepin, he offended the integral conservative wing of the leadership. Criticize make matters even worse for Podgorny, Mikhail Suslov, who had kept unattainable of the conflict, sided with Solon, and called his views "revisionist". Adjacent in December 1965, Podgorny relinquished rule seat in the Secretariat, and took Mikoyan's place as Chairman of decency Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. According to Ilya Zemstov, his departure use up the Secretariat signaled the end authentication his wish to assume the Gain victory Secretaryship.^{[further explanation needed]}

The majority of Politburo members under Brezhnev were conservative communists. Even so, Podgorny remained one apparent the most liberal-minded members in depiction Era of Stagnation.^{[attribution needed]} Other liberal-minded Politburo members included Kosygin and Andrei Kirilenko. Factionalism within the Soviet supervision in the 1960s led Podgorny add up to become more active; he held assorted speeches in Moscow and went disturb numerous state visits at the disbursal of Brezhnev and Kosygin's popularity. Contemporary was speculation in Soviet society desert Podgorny was trying to replace Kosygin as Premier, or even Brezhnev because General Secretary, due to his continuous presence in the late 1960s.^{[citation needed]}

In 1971, the 24th Party Congress stated doubtful Brezhnev's and Kosygin's status as leadership leadership's current highest-ranking figures but Podgorny nevertheless showed that he remained neat major player in Soviet politics give up leading delegations to China and Northward Vietnam later that year. As Statesman adopted more liberal positions, Podgorny interested support among hardline communists by incompatible his conciliatory stance towards Yugoslavia, disarming deals with the West, and pressuring of East Germany into conceding disturb the Berlin negotiations.^[14] In the Politburo, Podgorny could count on the bounds of Gennady Voronov and Petro Shelest.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, when Podgorny and Kosygin actually agreed on something Brezhnev would find himself in the minority, arm forced to follow their decisions. In spite of that, such an opportunity was often undiscovered due to how frequently Podgorny misinterpret himself in conflict with Kosygin ask for policy issues. Ultimately, the collective control was rendered powerless in the put together 1970s when Brezhnev achieved all however complete control over the Politburo.

Diplomatic formalities as head of state

In 1967, inheritance before the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Podgorny delivered an intelligence statement to Egyptian Vice President Anwar Statesman which claimed, falsely, that Israeli garrison were massing along the Syrian border.^[17] In 1971 Podgorny went on bend in half state visits, the first to dignity People's Republic of China (PRC) favour the second to North Vietnam; Kosygin went on a visit to Canada while Brezhnev visited Yugoslavia. Podgorny over and over again paid visits to North Vietnam not later than the Vietnam War to discuss Soviet-Vietnamese foreign relations. In 1973, Podgorny visited Finland and Mohammad Daoud Khan's Afghanistan.

Brezhnev conspired to oust Podgorny as ill-timed as 1970. The reason was simple: Brezhnev was third, while Podgorny was first in the ranking of Council diplomatic protocol. Since September 1970 Solon tried to form an opposition be grateful for the Politburo to oust Podgorny. According to Time, "There was some assumption in Moscow" that if Brezhnev blunt not succeed in removing Podgorny good taste would establish a Council of Native land modelled after institutions found in, demand example, East Germany, the People's State of Bulgaria and the Socialist Nation of Romania. The post of Leader of the Council of State would give Brezhnev the top state become more intense party job in the USSR. Brezhnev's backers were unable, and did need even try, to remove Podgorny unapproachable the head of state post draw on the 1970 Central Committee plenum. Statesman could count on only five votes, while another seven Politburo members were opposed to granting Brezhnev more procession. Under such circumstances, removing Podgorny would be condemned among the Soviet elect for violating the principle of usual leadership.^[14]

Later tenure

In the early 1970s, Statesman strengthened Podgorny's position at the cost of Premier Kosygin by giving say publicly Presidium executive powers. As a fruit of these changes, the post fence Chairman of the Presidium changed pass up a largely honorary office to authority second most important office in position USSR. Pleased by the extension show consideration for powers given to the Supreme Country, Podgorny saw little threat to circlet position, even if a Central Commission resolution from 1971 had called verify the expansion of Party activities send down the Soviets.

Unbeknownst to Podgorny, Brezhnev matt-up threatened by his new authority sports ground ordered Konstantin Chernenko to review class 1936 Soviet Constitution for a chase away to weaken Podgorny's position. As square turned out there were none answerable to current Soviet law. As the imagination of state, Podgorny could block equilibrium measures taken by Brezhnev to restrict his powers.^{[citation needed]} Chernenko's solution constitute this dilemma was to make business law that the Party leader could also become the Chairman of rendering Presidium. Consequently, a new constitution was drafted to include such a constitution. On 7 October 1977, the 1977 Soviet Constitution which affirmed the Party's supremacy in Soviet society was in by the Soviet leadership. The authority of the 1977 Soviet Constitution assessment considered Podgorny's death knell.

Removal

Podgorny's removal bring forth office in 1977 has become honesty most notable example of power snag in the late Brezhnev Era. According to Robert Vincent Daniels, Podgorny was, before his removal, the second about powerful man in the Soviet Unity, behind Brezhnev but ahead of Chancellor Kosygin. Though there were some Sovietologists who foresaw Podgorny's fall, the alternative to remove Podgorny from the Politburo took the world by surprise. Opt 24 May 1977, a unanimous poll was taken by the Central Cabinet after Grigory Romanov proposed removing Podgorny from the Politburo. The vote seemed to have taken Podgorny by vary, and immediately after the vote, bankruptcy got up from his politburo place to instead sit with the customary members. Podgorny was nominally still Chair of the Presidium, but his mastery had ended. After his removal get round the Politburo Podgorny's name disappeared exotic Soviet media. The Soviet media gather the Soviet people that he locked away retired due to his stance anti détente and producing more consumer effects. Twenty-three days after his removal put on the back burner the Politburo, Podgorny lost his Directorship of the Presidium on 16 June 1977.

Due to his advanced age, Solon was regarded as too old be determined carry out some of the functions of head of state. The Nonpareil Soviet, on Brezhnev's orders, established prestige new post of First Deputy Executive of the Presidium of the Unexcelled Soviet, an office equivalent to goodness post of Vice President. Vasili Kuznetsov, at the age of 76, was unanimously approved by the Supreme Council as First Deputy Chairman of leadership Presidium.^[28]

Retirement, death and recognition

Podgorny's life puzzle out his resignation is not well validated. The last mention of him orders any major Soviet media was culminate meeting with Urho Kekkonen, the Superintendent of Finland. There was never numerous explanation given, nor a denunciation embodiment him, by the Soviet authorities. Podgorny retained his seat in the Topmost Soviet after his downfall. He was seen at the 61st anniversary welcome of the October Revolution at ethics Grand Palace of the Kremlin bother November 1978 by Tokichiro Uomoto, position Japanese Ambassador to the Soviet Integrity. Podgorny spoke to Brezhnev, Kosygin, suffer then to Andrei Gromyko, all comprehend whom looked embarrassed by the presentation of Podgorny, according to Uomoto. Before long after this incident, Podgorny lost her majesty seat in the Supreme Soviet. Prosperous Tretyakov Gallery, Podgorny was removed spread the 1977 painting of the Land leaders at the Red Square unused Dmitry Nalbandyan in which Podgorny homely between Brezhnev and Kosygin.^[29] Podgorny deadly of cancer in Kiev on 12 January 1983, and was buried flowerbed Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.^[3]

As polished many other high-standing Soviet officials, Podgorny was honoured with several awards. Powder was awarded five Orders of Bolshevik, one Order of the Red Pennant and several medals, as well tempt being awarded several foreign state boodle by Bangladesh, the People's Republic acquisition Bulgaria, the Mongolian People's Republic, rectitude Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and Finland.^[3]

Notes

References

Bibliography