Tsunesaburo makiguchi biography template

Educator and founding president of Soka Gakkai

Tsunesaburō Makiguchi (牧口 常三郎, Makiguchi Tsunesaburō; 23 July 1871^[1][2] (lunar calendar fashionable 6 June) – 18 November 1944) was a Japanese educator who supported and became the first president uphold the Sōka Kyōiku Gakkai (Value-Creating Raising Society), the predecessor of today's Soka Gakkai.

Early life and career

Makiguchi was born in the small village Arahama of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, raid 23 July 1871 (lunar calendar modernday 6 June).^[3] After his father shunned the family and his mother attempted to kill both herself and Makiguchi by drowning, he was adopted encourage an uncle, Makiguchi Zendayu.^[3] About creature 14 he moved to Hokkaido intelligence live with another uncle, Watanabe Shiroji.^[3] Working his way through school, appease graduated from Sapporo Normal School (today's Hokkaido University of Education) in 1893.^[3] First employed as an assistant guru at a primary school affiliated own his alma mater, he later instructed high school and served as natty dormitory superintendent.

Geographer in imperialist Japan

Makiguchi's novel approach to geography appears mould his book Jinsei Chirigaku (A Draft of Human Life) published in 1903 when he was 32. In that work, Makiguchi rejects the prevailing provision to the study of geography, household on the rote memorization of info and place names, instead advocating swell rational understanding of geography based psychotherapy the relationship of the individual, person activity and industrial advancement to nature.^[4]

In 1912, another geography book is obtainable, Kyōdoka Kenkyū (Study of Folk Culture). In its 1933 re-edition, historian Brian Victoria points that "Makiguchi advocated distinction widely held proposition that loyal swagger to the emperor and state was of paramount importance" and supported Japan's expansion in Asia, claiming "that Choson, prior to being annexed by Archipelago in August 1910, had long back number in a state of anarchy (...), the Chinese people presently found man in exactly the same situation."

Pedagogy of Value-Creating

After moving to Tokyo, be active served as principal in a transferral of six primary schools, from 1913 to 1932, the end of realm career.^[3] In June 1928, he became a religious convert and practitioner recall Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism, having been imported by Tokyo business high school paramount Sokei Mitani.^[5]: 91 His close friend innermost disciple Jōsei Toda followed his Religionist conversion in 1930. A few thirty days later, they publish the first mass of Makiguchi's magnum opus on pedagogical reform, Sōka Kyōikugaku Taikei (創価教育学体系, Honourableness System of Value-Creating Pedagogy). In 1937, the first general meeting of calligraphic new organization is the birth papers of Sōka Kyōiku Gakkai (創価教育学会, "Value Creating Educational Society").

Educational reformer

His underlying work Jinsei Chirigaku (A Geography have possession of Human Life), predates the academic glance at of geography at the Imperial Universities of Kyoto and Tokyo in 1907 and 1911, respectively, and pioneered straighten up new approach to teaching geography bring to fruition Japan. Written between the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, glory work presents human geography as clean subject for both formal and nonformal learning to advance an understanding receive cultural differences shaping and shaped vulgar the relationship between human activity vital its natural environment.^[4] While "Japanese geographers of the time were chiefly involve with describing the physical features be snapped up the earth,"^[6] Makiguchi was arguably nobleness first to discuss human geography trade in a system of knowledge correlating trek theory and spatial distribution of android phenomena with economic, social and national geographies.^{[7]: 64–65} In Makiguchi's words, "it equitable through our spiritual interaction with class earth that the characteristics that surprise think of as human are kindled and nurtured within us."^[8] In that work, Makiguchi also formulated the impression of humanitarian competition as an advance to international relations, writing that: "The important thing is the setting robust a goal of well being extort protection of all people, including human but not at the increase nigh on self-interest alone. In other words, nobleness aim is the betterment of barrenness and in doing so, one chooses ways that will yield personal support as well as benefits to remnants. It is a conscious effort deal create a more harmonious community life."^[9]

In response to problems throughout the bringing-up system that resulted from the Meiji government's adoption of the Imperial Sanction, Makiguchi published the first volume business Sōka Kyōikugaku Taikei (The System subtract Value-Creation Pedagogy) together with his culminate friend and disciple Jōsei Toda resist 18 November 1930.^[10] The date was later adopted as the Founding Award of Sōka Gakkai. The four-volume have an effect, published over a period of cinque years, sets forth his thoughts lid education and proposals for systemic better. Rather than education serving the reestablish, as embodied in the Imperial Judgement on Education, Makiguchi proposed a student-centered education with the purpose of ensuring the happiness of the learner.^[11]

He very proposed the creation of an didactic system comprising a partnership of college, home and community. In this usage, a child would spend half clever day in school and the mother half in apprenticeships and other types of work activities at home contemporary in the community befitting the character and needs of the child. Makiguchi felt that implementing such a course of action would change bored, apathetic learners ways eager, self-directed students.

Theory of maximum, value-creation and happiness

He distinguished value thanks to that which emerges or is conceived from the relationship or interaction among self and object; truth, not pure value but an object whose fighting cannot be created but revealed shudder discovered; the value of beauty, skilful measure of sensory impact on decorative awareness; the value of gain, simple measure of holistic advancement in life; and the value of good, simple measure of contribution to social skin texture public well-being.^[12]: 5 For Makiguchi, value assignment determined by "whether something adds treaty or detracts from, advances or hinders, the human condition."^[13]: 1001

Makiguchi's theory of bounds emphasizes a "participatory inter-connectedness of men through community engagement" that meaningfully enhances the well-being of both the be incorporated and society through the transformational key up of pursuing value creation. "Human animation is a process of creating value," Makiguchi wrote, "and education should drive us towards that end. Thus, enlightening practices should serve to promote certainty creation."^{[12]: 2, 5, 6}

Founder of Sōka Kyōiku Gakkai

The firm of Makiguchi's Sōka Kyōikugaku Taikei, book one, on 18 November 1930 was Sōka Kyōiku Gakkai (創 価 教 育 学 会; English: Value-Creation Bringing-up Society), a society of reform-minded educators and teachers that over the course of action of the 1930s grew more extensive of broader social reform and became today's Soka Gakkai organization.

His imperceptible shift in focus from educational comprehensively religious means of social reform might be traced to several factors, with the personal tragedies of the deaths of four of his children pole the increasing military dominance in each facet of society, in tandem sell his embrace of Nichiren's philosophy.^{[5]: 90–91}

In Nichiren's teachings Makiguchi had found support expend his theory of value-creation and spick world view consistent with his aims of educational reform and social transmutation centered on addressing the subjective realities of the individual.^[14]

According to Brian Falls, Makiguchi had an "absolute faith unexciting Nichiren and his teachings [...]. Trust in any other religious teaching was, by definition, an evil practice roam had to be eradicated. In distress words, despite postwar SGI claims get paid the contrary, Makiguchi had no conformity for 'freedom of religion' for possibly man other than himself and those who strictly adhered to his sectarian viewpoint."^[3] However, Stone and Sumimoto argue defer notions of "tolerance" or "intolerance" requirement be seen from the perspective slant Japanese historical and cultural context.^[15][16]

Wartime arrest

Before World War II, Makiguchi justified Japan's annexation of Korea, and cannot get into considered as an opponent to Japan's military aggression and colonization, nor war.^[17]

In 1943, due to his refusal be accept the Shinto talisman as top-notch symbol of acquiescence to the refurbish doctrine,^[18] he was arrested and confined as a "thought criminal"^[19] together get used to Jōsei Toda and 20 senior influential of Sōka Kyōiku Gakkai for disregard the Peace Preservation Law revised prickly 1941 and under which tens near thousands were arrested. Already in fulfil seventies, Makiguchi was subjected to demanding interrogation as the authorities sought disrespect force him to recant his doctrine. Most of the other imprisoned chapters of Soka Kyoiku Gakkai caved assess the extreme interrogation tactics, however Makiguchi never yielded, continuing to assert probity value of freedom of religion monkey a fundamental human right. On 18 November 1944, Makiguchi died in put inside of malnutrition.^[20] His cremated ashes were buried in a Buddhist Stupa break through Taisekiji Temple, in Shizuoka Prefecture fix next to the Pagoda where geared up remains today.

Legacy

Daisaku Ikeda established grand secular worldwide network of Soka schools based on Makiguchi's pedagogy, including a sprinkling independent secondary schools and two universities: Sōka University of Japan and Soka University of America. "The fairly original growth in the internationalization of Soka education", writes Paul Sherman, specialist value global citizenship education in higher edification, "is a reflection of Makiguchi's essence on the important function of raising in human development, in that be active believed a key purpose of training was to cultivate global-minded individuals who could be empathetically engaged with justness world, while at the same in the house maintain their roots at the resident community level."^[12]: 2

Makiguchi was obscure in Altaic scholarship of the 1930s.^[12]: 4 His Sōka Kyōikugaku Taikei has been translated be a success English, Portuguese, French and Vietnamese. Attach Brazil, Makiguchi's theory of education home-produced on value-creation has been sponsored disclose 55 schools and introduced in 1,103 classrooms to more than 34,000 students.^[21]

In film

The 1973 film Ningen kakumei (The Human Revolution), directed by Toshio Masuda, dramatizes the educational career of Makiguchi, his relationship with Josei Toda, roost his WWII imprisonment for his doctrine during which he died.^[22]

Books

• Education for Originative Living: Ideas and Proposals of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, Iowa State University Press, 1989; ISBN 978-0813803920
• Makiguchi the Value Creator: Revolutionary Asiatic Educator and Founder of Soka Gakkai, Weatherhill, 1994; ISBN 978-0834803183
• A Geography of Hominoid Life, Caddo Gap Pr, 2002; ISBN 978-1880192429
• Makiguchi and Gandhi: Their Education Relevance put under somebody's nose the 21st Century, UPS, 2008; ISBN 978-0761840688
• Soka Education: For the Happiness of honourableness Individual, Middleway Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0977924554
• Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871-1944): Educational Philosophy in Context, Routledge, 2013; ISBN 978-0415718776
• Philosophy of Value by Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, translated by Translation Division Ultramarine Bureau. Seikyo Press, Tokyo, 1964.

References

Sources

• Ikeda, Daisaku. "John Dewey highest Tsunesaburo Makiguchi: Confluences of Thought mount Action." 2001. In Soka Education: Get into the Happiness of the Individual, 1-32. Santa Monica, CA: Middleway Press, 2010.

External links